A Seminar about.... Motivation & Instruction Lloyd Rieber Department of Instructional Technology The University of Georgia http://lrieber.coe.uga.edu http://www.NowhereRoad.com

Prep

You need some special resources installed in your browser in order to open many of the activities listed on this page:

1. Java (if you have a relatively recent version of Netscape of Internet Explorer, just be sure you have chosen to "enable Java" in your preferences menu.)

2. Shockwave for Director (and Flash):

Click here to have Macromedia auto-install the right plug-in for you! This is the recommended way to get the right version of the Shockwave for Director (and Flash).

3. Authorware 5.1 Web Player:

Click here to have Macromedia auto-install the right plug-in for you! This is the recommended way to get the right version of the Authorware Web Player.

Agenda

• Intro stuff
• Theoretical perspectives
• Theory into practice
• Examples from medical and health fields
• Discussion, Q&A (though we can also do this enroute)
• Readings & Resources

• Motivations: The reason/s why someone would choose to engage or persist in an activity or task.
• However, many educators view motivation as "that which gets a student to do what you want." What is your perspective on motivation as an educator? Contrast this with reflections of what motivates you personally.
• Lloyd's motivations about exercise, diet, marriage, parenting, work habits, hobbies, & sandlot baseball.
• The Good Educator's Conflict: Finding positive incentives and motivators while resisting threats, coercion, and penalties
• The NASA model: Fund us well and give us your brightest and most motivated students (i.e. astronauts)
• The Navy model: Putting credible instructors in the classroom who have good stories to tell

Advance Organizer
Some examples at the start that epitomize many of the concepts and principles of this seminar

To get you in a "motivational" spirit, click here to see a nifty card trick -- see if you can figure out how it's done.

The Rogue Refrigerator Simulation about Acceleraton & Velocity (designed by Lloyd, graphics by David Noah)

SimSchool A Simulation about Educational Philosophy (designed by Lloyd)

Mineshaft A Game of Estimation (designed by Lloyd)

Theoretical Foundations

Theory into Practice

• ARCS Model (J. Keller): Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction
• Intrinsic motivation (T. Malone): Curiosity, challenge, control, and fantasy
• Contexts for motivation: Open and closed tasks (J. Turner & S. Paris)

6 Cs: choice, challenge, control, collaboration, constructive comprehension, and consequences

• Cooperative vs. Competitive Learning
• Problem-based learning (H. Barrows)
  A simple example from Lloyd's teaching
  The Studio Experience at UGA
• Case-based reasoning (J. Kolodner)
• Microworlds, Simulations, and Games (er... interactive stories)

Example of a microworld/simulation: Interactive Physics

Example of a microworld/simulation: Geometer's Sketchpad

 

• See the award winning multimedia work of Joseph Henderson, M.D. , Dartmouth Medical College

Examples of Simulations/Games relevant to the Medical or Health Field

Pregnancy A Multimedia Journey

Painless Pain Management Simulation

Drinking & Driving Role-play simulation

Brain Probe

Surviving AIDS - Fighting Back

BBC Medicine through Time

Follow-up Readings

Some of Rieber's work.....

Rieber, L.P. (1994). Computers, graphics, & Learning. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark.
Online edition in the works ...... feel free to check it out.

Rieber, L. P. (1996). Seriously considering play: Designing interactive learning environments based on the blending of microworlds, simulations, and games. Educational Technology Research & Development, 44(2), 43-58.

Rieber, L. P., Luke, N., & Smith, J. (1998). Project KID DESIGNER: Constructivism at work through play. Meridian: Middle School Computer Technology Journal [On-line], 1(1). Available http://www.ncsu.edu/meridian/index.html

Rieber, L. P., Smith, L., & Noah, D. (1998). The value of serious play. Educational Technology, 38(6), 29-37.

Rieber, L. P., & Matzko, M.J. (in press). Serious design for serious play. Educational Technology.

Some of other readings with a strong emphasis on play.....

Resnick, M. (1998). Technologies for lifelong kindergarten. Educational Technology Research & Development, 46(4), 43-55.
[You can download a copy of StarLogo by going to its project's home page.]

Pellegrini, A. D. (Ed.). (1995). The future of play theory: A multidisciplinary inquiry into the contributions of Brian Sutton-Smith. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Sutton-Smith, B. (1997). The ambiguity of play. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

General readings on motivation.....

This is a very nice article about the use of intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivators in the K-12 classroom. It presents a nice overview of the theory and provides a balanced, practical acount of the challenges confronting teachers:

Ruenzel, D. (2000). Gold star junkies. Teacher Magazine, 11(5), 25-29.
Available online at http://www.teachermagazine.org/tm/tmstory.cfm?slug=05gold.h11

Cameron, J., & Pierce, W. D. (1994). Reinforcement, reward, and intrinsic motivation: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 64, 363-423.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: Harper Collins.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.

Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (1995). In the mind of the actor: The structure of adolescents' achievement task values and expectancy-related beliefs. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 215-225.

Gilligan, C. (1993). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Keller, J. M., & Suzuki, K. (1988). Use of the ARCS motivation model in courseware design. In D. Jonassen (Ed.), Instructional designs for microcomputer courseware, (pp. 401-434). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Lepper, M. R., & D., G. (1987). Overjustification research and beyond: Toward a means-ends analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In R. E. Snow & M. J. Farr (Eds.), Aptitude, learning, and instruction, III: Conative and affective process analysis, (pp. 109-148). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Malone, T. W., & Lepper, M. R. (1987). Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning. In R. E. Snow & M. J. Farr (Eds.), Aptitude, learning, and instruction, III: Conative and affective process analysis, (pp. 223-253). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Quinn, C. N., Boesen, M., Kedziar, D., Kelmenson, D., & Moser, R. (1993, June). Designing multimedia environments for thinking skill practice: Presented at the World Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, Orlando, FL.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (1996). When paradigms clash: Comments on Cameron and Pierce's claim that rewards do not undermine intrinsic motivation. Review of Educational Research, 66(1), 33-38.

Turner, J., & Paris, S. G. (1995). How literacy tasks influence children's motivation for literacy. The Reading Teacher, 48(8), 662-673.

Weiner, B. (1990). History of motivational research in education. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(4), 616-622.

Weiner, B. (1992). Human motivation: Metaphors, theories, and research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Resources

Center for Distributed Learning

A great resource for any higher education faculty or student. Follow the link to the MERLOT project and search the database for interactive resources (most are written in Java).

 

Explore Science Home Page

This is probably my most favorite example of a collection of interactive learning modules and all were designed by just one person, Raman Pfaff, a nuclear physicist by training. It's an astounding collection.

 

World Wide Interactive Learning Design (WWILD) Team home page

Join the WWILD Team! This is a 'bare bones' web site that I built to push a new delivery model of web-based learning resources. Several of my simulations and games can be found there, including a demo of Space Shuttle Commander, Acceleration & Velocity Simulation (which includes "The Rogue Refrigerator" model), and SimSchool. Take note that my examples, and many others, require special resources to run the programs (such as one of the Shockwave plug-ins). When these resources are needed, most sites give links to where you can acquirre the resources.

 

Macromedia's Shockzone

Much of my simulation and gaming material is programmed in Authorware and then "shocked" for use on the Internet. You can get familiar with Shockwave technology by visiting Macromedia's Shockzone. There are lots of examples of interactive multimedia created using Shockwave (few are educational, however).

 

North American Simulation and Gaming Association

This is the group that publishes the "Simulation & Gaming" journal. NASAGA's primary mission is to facilitate the use of simulations and games and to collect, develop and spread information about the principles and procedures of interactive, experiential approaches to education, training, management, problem solving and decision making.